Clinical features
DFSP is a rare skin tumor which was first described in 1924 as an invasive and progressive dermatofibroma. Its annual incidence is as low as one case per million population. Although recent studies have shown no gender preference in the prevalence of DFSP, it is known to be most common in middle-aged male patients. Although it shows a benign pattern in the early stages, it has the potential to turn into a high-grade fibrosarcoma on rare occasions. Moreover, years after the initial diagnosis, a minority of nearly 6% can invade distant organs such as the lungs [16]. However, one study reported 15% lung metastasis in DFSP cases in correlation with other forms of high-grade sarcomas [6, 13, 17,18,19]. Age and gender are not risk factors for DFSP and its recurrence. The trunk and extremities are the most common locations for DFSP, while recent studies have shown that about 40% of lesions were found in the head and neck region. Moreover, the recurrence rate of head and neck lesions was higher in some surveys, albeit lacking statistical difference [6, 13].
Since DFSP lesions are great masqueraders as benign skin lesions, they can resemble masses such as lipoma, cyst, or even scars which are removed for cosmetic purposes. In light of this information, it is clinically reasonable to obtain biopsy or choose a wide local excision approach for lesions which are cystic in appearance but lack a punctum or malodorous pus-like secretions. Moreover, surgeons should have second thoughts when they want to remove a skin mass larger than 2.5 cm or that is increasing in size and lesions with alteration in their physical appearance. Also, pain can be a warning sign of malignancy in DFSP lesions. It is advised that such patients should be referred to a cancer center with staff members experienced in cases of lesions with suspected sarcoma, for the purpose not only of preoperative microscopic study of the lesions, but also their treatment [8, 18, 20]. As the DFSP grows to late stages, it can be ulcerative, painful, and bleeding, in contrast to a low-grade lesion [16].
In the early stages of DFSP, they are non-protuberant lesions, turning into indurated, purple, and violaceous nodules as they grow. Left unresected, tumor regions can reach the underlying tissue such as fascia, muscle, periosteum, and bone. It can even cause distal metastatic lesions in organs such as the lungs, brain, and lymph nodes. However, this process can range from a few months to decades [1, 19, 20]. DFSP lesions shows various forms. The atrophic and pigmented forms are rare variants. The pigmented DFSP lesions, also called Bednar tumors, usually have the same color as a bruise of dark blue or black appearance. Such lesions have melanin-containing dendritic cells besides other histological findings of DFSP. On the other hand, the atrophic variant is mostly a flat plaque rather than the usual protuberant lesions, resembling a dermis-based skin mass with typical plaque-like histological features beside dermis layer thinning. However, these two variants have spindle cells with vimentin and positive CD34 staining. Gender has no impact on the aforementioned variants. Furthermore, they are mostly removed from the trunk and extremities. Contrary to the usual findings, atrophic pigmented lesions can occur in children as well [14, 21, 22]. Although there is no accepted staging system among all these studies, one study provided a table based on clinical features of DFSP lesions [1].
Diagnosis
The differential diagnosis for DFSP lesions is dermatofibroma, schwannoma, cutaneous neurofibroma, solitary fibrous tumor, intradermal spindle cell lipoma, and spindle cell or desmoplastic melanoma [1]. DFSP cases are usually an unexpected pathological result of a presumably benign skin mass. Thus, it can be challenging when a safe margin was ignored in such patients [2, 5, 15, 17, 23]. Such conditions can result in a 3- to 5-year delay in diagnosis of patients with cases suspicious for DFSP [13]. With regard to diagnosis, CD34 marker in IHC investigation of samples by sensitivity of more than 85% has a key role in differentiating DFSP from other benign soft tissue tumors [16].
MRI can function as a diagnostic tool in measuring the DFSP tumor size and their invasion of neuromuscular tissues and bone. With respect to findings, MR T1-weighted images represent well-defined homogeneous isointense lesions as well as exhibiting a well-defined subcutaneous soft tissue lesion by an intermediate to marked homogeneous hyperintensity to the surrounding muscular area. Ultrasound can reveal a hypoechoic superficial nodular lesion. Furthermore, CT studies with contrast demonstrate enhanced solitary, subcutaneous lobular or nodular lesions with soft-tissue attenuation. CT scans not only can identify distant metastasis in DFSP patients, but also can reveal necrosis or cystic degeneration in dark areas of tumors larger than 5 cm [1, 3, 24].
Surgical treatment
In terms of treatment of DFSP, complete surgical excision is the gold standard [16, 25]. Nonetheless, neoadjuvant therapy with imatinib and radiotherapy is suggested in the majority of cases that experienced incomplete resection. Such cases suffer from recurrence as well. Indeed, the margin of surgical resection was found to have a direct impact on the risk of future recurrence. The most crucial prognostic factor is the extent of surgical excision, which indicates the importance of removal of deeper involved tissue such as deep fascia and muscles. Failure to make a through excision of the lesion could result in local invasion due to its infiltrative behavior. The recurrence rate varies from 10 to 80% in studies. However, one study reported that the recurrence was double in lesions with margins less than 2 cm in comparison with those with a larger diameter [16, 19].
Various studies have focused on Mohs and WLE as the commonly accepted type of surgery. Traditionally, wide margins of 2 to 4 cm with careful pathological study of the resection line will usually prevent future recurrence in DFSP tumors [26]. There are conflicting results in considering the width of the surgical margin, since there is no universal recommendation for the diameter of resection in WLE as in British Sarcoma Group guidelines. On the other hand, National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines consider 2–4 cm a safe margin for DFSP [17]. Such approaches could end in higher morbidity as well as requirement for further surgical reconstructions by roughly 50% [4, 17]. Hence, an alternative approach of conservative re-excision (CRE) by narrower margins was investigated by one study. In the CRE method, 1.5 cm is considered the mean of excision margin for DFSP cases. CRE, especially in areas such as the scalp and thigh, can reduce the probability of longer operation time and hospitalization in addition to controlling the need for normal skin for reconstruction of surgical sites by approximately 7%. Even though both WLE and CRE are accepted in oncological settings, there is the dilemma of determining whether to initiate WLE with a higher chance of reconstruction, or a CRE procedure with lower morbidity and risk of positive margin and further reoperation [2, 10, 11, 17, 27]. Frozen section has also been used to examine the margins during DFSP surgeries to prevent further need for re-excision. Meanwhile, it can provide false-positive results for DFSP due to fibroblastic proliferation in correlation with the scar tissue of previous excisions. Also, CD34 IHC tests, as a consistent test for DFSP diagnosis, cannot be utilized during frozen section for assessing intraoperative margins [17]. Out of almost 200 DFSP patients, the majority of patients underwent WLE excision, with a scar larger than 10 cm in the end, in contrast to conventional excision (CE) resection. In micrographic surgery, the scar size of WLE and MOHS was similar. To further elaborate, the goal in the CE method is to remove large tumors from sensitive areas such as the groin and face with minimal scar instead of providing a negative margin. Thus, it is inevitable that the recurrence rate in CE patients was almost six times higher than the WLE and Mohs techniques [8].
Although the MOHS method can play a major role in reducing the rate of recurrence, it is highly reliant on the capabilities of surgeons and pathologists as well as time-consuming and costly. Considering other downsides of MOHS, spindle cells of the normal dermis can be mistaken for tumoral cells in frozen sections. Furthermore, CD34 staining can yield inconsistent results or even false data. Therefore, it can raise doubts regarding the reliability of the MOHS technique despite its benefits [13, 20], and WLE is a more preferred technique in clinical practice. The recommended margin for resection of DFSP tumors is 2 cm in general. The aim is to make the distance between tumor edge and cutting edge more than 1 cm. In one study of 260 patients with DFSP, the authors reported a significant difference between patients with a margin of 1.5–2.5 cm and those above 3 cm [13]. The recurrence rate with Mohs and WLE methods showed conflicting results. Generally, Mohs surgery of DFSP lesions had a lower recurrence rate of 3% compared with WLE; however, some recent studies reported 5% recurrence for the Mohs procedure [8].
Generally, WLE with safe margins should be considered for the majority of DFSP cases of the trunk and extremities. The Mohs method is suggested for sensitive areas to preserve tissue for cosmetic purposes as well as saving organ function. Meanwhile, amputation or adjuvant targeted radiotherapy is considered when surgical removal is out of reach. Follow-up evaluation every 6 months is recommended for a follow-up period of 5 years after surgical intervention [1].
Nonsurgical treatment
There are inconsistent outcomes regarding the importance of using post-operation radiotherapy. Some meta-analytical data showed that the impact of neoadjuvant therapy on the recurrence rate was not significant in comparison with surgical resection alone. Moreover, radiation after surgery can cause skin flap necrosis, edema, and delayed healing in the resection site. Hence, the choice of radiotherapy is highly dependent on the patients’ conditions [9, 13]. Some studies have suggested the use of traditional post-op radiotherapy since DFSP is known to be radiosensitive. In fact, radiotherapy can be life-saving in tumors with questionable margins or inoperable lesions to reduce the morbidity, distant metastasis, and need for extensive reoperation [15, 16]. Regarding immunotherapy, in addition to imatinib, sorafenib is successful in the treatment of angiosarcomas. It inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and was used to treat a case of refractory DFSP unresponsive to postoperative radiation [2, 3, 10, 16, 27].
