Skip to main content
Download PDF

Oral manifestations, dental management, and a rare homozygous mutation of the PRDM12 gene in a boy with hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type VIII: a case report and review of the literature

Journal of Medical Case Reports volume 11, Article number: 233 (2017) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type VIII is a rare autosomal recessive inherited disorder. Chen et al. recently identified the causative gene and characterized biallelic mutations in the PR domain-containing protein 12 gene, which plays a role in the development of pain-sensing nerve cells. Our patient’s family was included in Chen and colleagues’ study. We performed a literature review of the PubMed library (January 1985 to December 2016) on hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type I to VIII genetic disorders and their orofacial manifestations. This case report is the first to describe the oral manifestations, and their treatment, of the recently discovered hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type VIII in the medical and dental literature.

Case presentation

We report on the oral manifestations and dental management of an 8-month-old white boy with hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy-VIII over a period of 16 years. Our patient was homozygous for a mutation of PR domain-containing protein 12 gene and was characterized by insensitivity to pain and thermal stimuli, self-mutilation behavior, reduced sweat and tear production, absence of corneal reflexes, and multiple skin and bone infections. Oral manifestations included premature loss of teeth, associated with dental traumata and self-mutilation, severe soft tissue injuries, dental caries and submucosal abscesses, hypomineralization of primary teeth, and mandibular osteomyelitis.

Conclusions

The lack of scientific knowledge on hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy due to the rarity of the disease often results in a delay in diagnosis, which is of substantial importance for the prevention of many complications and symptoms. Interdisciplinary work of specialized medical and dental teams and development of a standardized treatment protocols are essential for the management of the disease. There are many knowledge gaps concerning the management of patients with hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy-VIII, therefore more research on an international basis is needed.

Peer Review reports

Background

Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy (HSAN) comprises a group of genetic disorders involving sensory and autonomic dysfunctions [1]. HSAN was classified into five main types [2]. Later, it was modified into subtypes [3,4,5] according to gene mutations, mode of inheritance, and clinical characteristics. HSAN types VI and VII were mentioned in the classification of Haga et al. [5]: Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) 614653 and 615548 respectively. HSAN type VIII (OMIM 616488) was recently characterized by Chen et al. [6] as a rare autosomal recessive disorder. Our patient’s family was included in their study. General characteristics, mode of inheritance, onset, and genes involved in each type of HSAN are presented in Table 1.

Table 1 Classification of recent types and subtypes of hereditary sensory (and autonomic) neuropathy
Full size table

HSAN-VIII is characterized by five main features: insensitivity to pain and thermal stimuli, self-mutilation behavior, altered sweat and tear formation, absence of corneal reflexes, and presence of repeated infections of the skin and bone [6]. The syndrome was confirmed in 21 patients [6] and 10 different homozygous mutations in the PR domain-containing protein 12 gene (PRDM12) were identified [6]. Mutations in the PRDM12 gene in humans cause developmental defects in the sensory neurons, leading to loss of pain perception. Great loss of the small myelinated Aδ fibers occurred in patients with HSAN-VIII. Skin biopsies revealed that the peripheral terminals of unmyelinated C fibers were altered [6].

Patients carrying PRDM12 mutations lack the sensation of acute pain and temperature. Thus, these patients have numerous injuries, which may lead to recurrent infections of skin and bones, and bone deformities later in life. In addition, they lack corneal reflexes, which leads to progressive corneal scarring. However, other senses like light touch, vibration, and proprioception are normal. The only autonomic dysfunction observed was the reduction in sweating and tears formation. Intellectual abilities in patients with HSAN-VIII are normal [6].

Insensitivity to pain leads to severe oral mutilations, such as tooth luxation, severe dental attrition, premature tooth loss, bite wounds, and ulcerations [7,8,9]. The tongue, followed by the lips, and the oral mucosa, are the most common sites of self-inflicted injuries [10, 11]. The diagnosis of HSAN is challenging due to its rarity, similarity in clinical presentation to other auto-aggression or self-mutilation diseases, and lack of simple diagnostic tests [12]. It is mainly confirmed by the clinical presentation, genetic analysis, pharmacological tests, and neuropathological examinations [13]. Management of patients affected by HSAN-VIII is complicated due to the patients’ lack of awareness and perception of pain.

We aimed to present the manifestations and dental management of a patient with HSAN-VIII harboring the homozygous mutation c.516G>C (p. Glu172Asp) in the PRDM12 gene [6], who has been followed up in our clinic for 16 years. A review on PubMed library (January 1985 to December 2016) on patients with HSAN with oral manifestations was performed (Table 2).

Table 2 Literature review concerning oral manifestations associated with hereditary sensory (and autonomic) neuropathy
Full size table

Case presentation

An 8-month-old white boy of Turkish origin initially presented to the Department of Pedodontics, at Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin Hospital, due to an unexplained early loss of his primary lower central incisors. He was the first child of healthy consanguineous parents (second-degree relatives); their younger daughter was healthy. Our patient had multiple injuries on his face and body and in his oral cavity due to self-mutilation (Fig. 1). Further medical history revealed that he was born with a bilateral foot deformity (Fig. 2), which resulted in the mandatory use of an orthopedic appliance, enabling him to walk normally (Fig. 3). At the age of 6 years and 2 months, he had a fracture in the metatarsal bone, leading to bone necrosis. This resulted in the placement of bone plates and the use of a wheelchair for long walking distances. He had several accidents, such as severe burns from boiling water without feeling any pain.

Fig. 1
figure 1

Representation of self-mutilation. a+b Extraoral self-mutilation. c+d Intraoral self-mutilation

Full size image
Fig. 2
figure 2

Bilateral bone deformity of the feet. a Clinical presentation of the deformed feet. b Radiographic presentation of the deformed feet

Full size image
Fig. 3
figure 3

Orthopedic appliance used to support the patient’s feet during walking. a+c Orthopedic appliance. b+d Patient wearing his orthodontic appliance

Full size image

Prior to the first visit to the Department of Pedodontics at the age of 8 months, he had lost both mandibular primary central incisors for unknown reasons only 3 months after they erupted. His mandibular left lateral incisor was loose (mobility, grade 2). In addition, his mandibular left primary second molar (75) showed signs of enamel hypoplasia. He experienced no pain or discomfort during the dental procedures. A year later, he presented at our department due to the further loss of ten of his primary teeth (Fig. 4). The early loss of so many teeth raised suspicion of a systemic disorder. He was referred to the Department of Human Genetics at Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin. The following differential diagnoses of auto-aggression syndromes were suspected: congenital insensitivity to pain and anhidrosis (CIPA), Smith–Magenis syndrome, Lesch–Nyhan syndrome, or pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration (PKAN). In addition, the following systemic diseases, which might cause premature loss of teeth, were suspected: Langerhans cell histiocytosis, hypophosphatasia, and Papillon–Lefèvre syndrome. The diagnosis of CIPA syndrome was thought to be closest to his condition. All other suspected auto-aggression syndromes and systemic diseases were excluded based on blood tests, genetic diagnosis, and further clinical examination. However, after deeper investigations, the diagnosis HSAN-VIII was considered the definitive diagnosis of our patient.

Fig. 4
figure 4

Auto-extracted teeth of the patient

Full size image

Partial dentures for maxilla and mandible were constructed to prevent speech impairment and to enhance his lower facial height (Fig. 5). Due to his high caries activity, an intensive prophylaxis program with continuous follow-up was implemented to avoid further dental deterioration and improve his oral health status. Over the years, with the help of an interdisciplinary medical team and his parents, he has shown great cooperation and completely ceased any sort of self-mutilation behavior.

Fig. 5
figure 5

Prosthodontic treatment of the patient. (a+b) Intraoral pictures of patient without and with prostheses, respectively

Full size image

Discussion

The pediatric dentist was the first to refer our patient to the human genetics department with the suspicion of HSAN syndrome, based on the premature loss of primary teeth and self-mutilation behavior. The initial diagnosis of our patient of CIPA or HSAN-IV was not confirmed by molecular analysis, since it did not detect a mutation in the neurotrophic tyrosine kinase-1 receptor gene (NTRK1), which is the receptor for nerve growth factor (NGF) related to CIPA syndrome [12]. Our patient harbored a homozygous mutation in the recently discovered gene PRDM12 [6]. Therefore, HSAN-VIII was his final diagnosis. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequencing of the parents confirmed the segregation of the mutation in the family. The mode of inheritance was autosomal recessive [6]. Self-mutilation behavior is one of the most outstanding characteristics of HSAN syndrome. However, it is also common in other auto-aggression diseases, which makes the diagnosis challenging. Smith–Magenis syndrome was a differential diagnosis concerning the self-inflicted injuries [14], but a causative 17p.11.2 microdeletion was excluded by fluorescence in situ hybridization. As for Lesch–Nyhan syndrome, patients have dystonia and ballism [15], which were not symptoms of our patient. Further analysis did not reveal defects in the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) enzyme, confirming the false diagnosis. PKAN is also characterized by dystonia and therefore was ruled out [16,17,18,19]. Blood tests excluded the systemic diseases of Langerhans cell histiocytosis and hypophosphatasia [20]. Hypophosphatasia was also excluded because of our patient’s normal total serum alkaline phosphatase activity [21,22,23]. Papillon–Lefèvre syndrome was not confirmed due to the absence of the diffuse palmoplantar hyperkeratosis and the progressive periodontitis [24]. Oral manifestations of HSAN are important, since they are one of the first complaints presented by affected patients. They can be detected early in life, starting with the eruption of the primary dentition [25]. Because of the variability and rarity of the clinical presentation of HSAN, no standard dental management protocols have been established. Patients with HSAN should be treated individually [26]. The dental treatment planning can be affected by several factors, such as age, mental development, and patient’s and parents’ compliance [27]. In the 1960s, the treatment approach for patients with HSAN was extraction of all primary teeth and construction of dentures in order to prevent self-mutilation. Nowadays, there are many dental treatment options for the prevention of self-mutilating behavior, varying from the elimination of sharp tooth surfaces by grinding or restoring them with resin composite, to the use of intraoral appliances such as mouthguards. Since the self-mutilation behavior of patients with HSAN-VIII starts in infancy, it may prove difficult to use intraoral appliances at that point. However, tooth extractions should be considered the last line of treatment. Early loss of teeth is one of the most frequent dental complications of HSAN. It is important to be able to deal with its consequences, such as speech impairment and increased incidence of malocclusions [25, 26, 28]. Professional dental cleaning, behavioral management, and routine check-up appointments were the cornerstones of our treatment plan. Prevention of dental disease is required in patients with HSAN, since caries progression and pulpal involvement can occur without causing any pain or discomfort. The parents of patients with HSAN play a crucial role in the management of the condition, since their psychological support is necessary to help the child understand his or her condition and prevent further injuries [27, 28]. The most critical phase of managing patients with HSAN would be building an understanding of the emotional experience of pain. A psychological approach should be introduced as early as possible [27]. Cognitive behavioral models for self-management and distress regulation have been proposed [29].

The literature search revealed that HSAN-IV (CIPA) is the most discussed form of HSAN in dentistry. Self-mutilation and auto-aggression are the first and most common clinical characteristics in all mentioned HSAN types (Table 2). The literature review results mainly consisted of case reports and case series, which is understandable due to the rarity of the syndrome. In contrast to our case report, a long follow-up period was not reported in the majority of publications. Our case report is, to the best of our knowledge, the first to discuss the oral manifestations and management of HSAN-VIII. Zhang et al. [30] also reported on the clinical characteristics of five patients with HSAN-VIII and was in line with Chen et al. [6]. The clinical characteristics described by Zhang et al. [30] that were found in all patients were: insensitivity to pain, normal neurological examinations and intellect, corneal abrasions, lack of tear production, recurrent infections, and unexplained oral self-mutilation (especially tongue injuries). There is a need for further dental and medical management solutions for these patients, as well as for well-educated practitioners [29]. There are many obstacles that have to be overcome since often there is a lack of resources for research and international collaboration and for accessible database and diagnostic and treatment tools. By expanding our knowledge on genetic and epigenetic factors that are critical for pain sensation, new fields are opened for therapeutic intervention in chronic and neuropathic pain conditions [6, 31, 32].

Conclusions

HSAN-VIII is a rare, complex, recently identified condition mainly characterized by insensitivity to pain and thermal stimuli. The affected persons are vulnerable to various complications and in severe cases, self-mutilation can lead to death. Early identification of the disease is important to prevent all these consequences. The literature contains mainly case reports and case series of patients with HSAN, therefore, there are many knowledge gaps concerning preventive and therapeutic approaches. Treatment efficacy depends on educating the family and supporting the child psychologically. Moreover, an interdisciplinary treatment approach, in which there is medical and dental interdisciplinary cooperation, is required for such patients. A homozygous mutation of the PRDM12 gene, which is responsible for the HSAN-VIII condition, was identified in our patient. Mutations in this gene cause developmental defects in sensory neurons before their transition to nociceptors.

Abbreviations

CIPA:

Congenital insensitivity to pain and anhidrosis

HSAN-VIII:

Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type VIII

NGF:

Nerve growth factor

OMIM:

Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man

NTRK1 :

Neurotrophic tyrosine kinase-1 receptor

PKAN:

Pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration

PRDM12 :

PR domain-containing protein 12 gene

References

  1. Dearborn G. A case of congenital pure analgesia. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1932;75:612–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Dyck PJ, Mellinger JF, Reagan TJ, Horowitz SJ, McDonald JW, Litchy WJ, et al. Not 'indifference to pain' but varieties of hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy. Brain. 1983;106(Pt 2):373–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Rotthier A, Auer-Grumbach M, Janssens K, Baets J, Penno A, Almeida-Souza L, et al. Mutations in the SPTLC2 subunit of serine palmitoyltransferase cause hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type I. Am J Hum Genet. 2010;87:513–22.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  4. Yuan J, Matsuura E, Higuchi Y, Hashiguchi A, Nakamura T, Nozuma S, et al. Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type IID caused by an SCN9A mutation. Neurology. 2013;80:1641–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Haga N, Kubota M, Miwa Z. Japanese Research Group on Congenital Insensitivity to Pain. Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy types IV and V in Japan. Pediatr Int. 2015;57:30–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Chen YC, Auer-Grumbach M, Matsukawa S, Zitzelsberger M, Themistocleous AC, Strom TM, et al. Transcriptional regulator PRDM12 is essential for human pain perception. Nat Genet. 2015;47:803–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Amano A, Akiyama S, Ikeda M, Morisaki I. Oral manifestations of hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type IV. Congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 1998;86:425–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Gao L, Guo H, Ye N, Bai Y, Liu X, Yu P, et al. Oral and craniofacial manifestations and two novel missense mutations of the NTRK1 gene identified in the patient with congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis. PLoS One. 2013;8:e66863.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. Neves BG, Roza RT, Castro GF. Traumatic lesions from congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis in a pediatric patient: dental management. Dent Traumatol. 2009;25:545–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Bodner L, Woldenberg Y, Pinsk V, Levy J. Orofacial manifestations of congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis: a report of 24 cases. ASDC J Dent Child. 2002;69:293–6. 235.

  11. Ashwin DP, Chandan GD, Jasleen HK, Rajkumar GC, Rudresh KB, Prashanth R. Hereditary sensory and autosomal peripheral neuropathy-type IV: case series and review of literature. Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2015;19:117–23.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Bonkowsky JL, Johnson J, Carey JC, Smith AG, Swoboda KJ. An infant with primary tooth loss and palmar hyperkeratosis: a novel mutation in the NTRK1 gene causing congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis. Pediatrics. 2003;112:e237–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Ravichandra KS, Kandregula CR, Koya S, Lakhotia D. Congenital insensitivity to pain and anhydrosis: diagnostic and therapeutic dilemmas revisited. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2015;8:75–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Girirajan S, Elsas LJ, Devriendt K, Elsea 2nd SH. RAI1 variations in Smith-Magenis syndrome patients without 17p11.2 deletions. J Med Genet. 2005;42:820–8.

  15. Pozzi M, Piccinini L, Gallo M, Motta F, Radice S, Clementi E. Treatment of motor and behavioural symptoms in three Lesch-Nyhan patients with intrathecal baclofen. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2014;9:208.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  16. Brunetti D, Dusi S, Morbin M, Uggetti A, Moda F, D'Amato I, et al. Pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration: altered mitochondria membrane potential and defective respiration in Pank2 knock-out mouse model. Hum Mol Genet. 2012;21:5294–305.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  17. Gregory A, Hayflick SJ, et al. Pantothenate Kinase-Associated Neurodegeneration. In: Pagon RA, Adam MP, Ardinger HH, Wallace SE, Amemiya A, Bean LJH, editors. GeneReviews(R). Seattle: University of Washington, Seattle University of Washington, Seattle; 1993. All rights reserved.

  18. Gregory A, Hayflick SJ. PANK2 mutation screening recommended to confirm diagnosis of pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2006;27:951.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Yapici Z, Akcakaya NH, Tekturk P, Iseri SA, Ozbek U. A novel gene mutation in PANK2 in a patient with severe jaw-opening dystonia. Brain Dev. 2016;38(8):755–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Calming U, Henter JI. Elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate and thrombocytosis as possible indicators of active disease in Langerhans' cell histiocytosis. Acta Paediatr. 1998;87:1085–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Fraser D. Hypophosphatasia. Am J Med. 1957;22:730–46.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Jaruratanasirikul S, Chanvitan P. Hypophosphatasia: the importance of alkaline phosphatase in bone mineralization. J Med Assoc Thai. 1999;82:1268–72.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Reibel A, Maniere MC, Clauss F, Droz D, Alembik Y, Mornet E, et al. Orodental phenotype and genotype findings in all subtypes of hypophosphatasia. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2009;4:6.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  24. Dhanrajani PJ. Papillon-Lefevre syndrome: clinical presentation and a brief review. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2009;108:e1–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Butler J, Fleming P, Webb D. Congenital insensitivity to pain – review and report of a case with dental implications. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2006;101:58–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Limeres J, Feijoo JF, Baluja F, Seoane JM, Diniz M, Diz P. Oral self-injury: an update. Dent Traumatol. 2013;29:8–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Schalka MM, Correa MS, Ciamponi AL. Congenital insensitivity-to-pain with anhidrosis (CIPA): a case report with 4-year follow-up. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2006;101:769–73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Kouvelas N, Terzoglou C. Congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis: case report. Pediatr Dent. 1989;11:47–51.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Graham CD, Gouick J, Krahe C, Gillanders D. A systematic review of the use of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) in chronic disease and long-term conditions. Clin Psychol Rev. 2016;46:46–58.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Zhang S, Sharif SM, Chen YC, Valente EM, Ahmed M, Sheridan E, Bennett C, Woods G. Clinical features for diagnosis and management of patients with PRMD12 congenital insensitivity to pain. J Med Genet. 2016;53:533–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  31. Crow M, Denk F, McMahon SB. Genes and epigenetic processes as prospective pain targets. Genome Med. 2013;5:12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  32. Denk F, McMahon SB. Chronic pain: emerging evidence for the involvement of epigenetics. Neuron. 2012;73:435–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  33. Haga N, Kubota M, Miwa Z. Epidemiology of hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type IV and V in Japan. Am J Med Genet A. 2013;161A:871–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Rotthier A, Baets J, Timmerman V, Janssens K. Mechanisms of disease in hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathies. Nat Rev Neurol. 2012;8:73–85.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Kok C, Kennerson ML, Spring PJ, Ing AJ, Pollard JD, Nicholson GA. A locus for hereditary sensory neuropathy with cough and gastroesophageal reflux on chromosome 3p22-p24. Am J Hum Genet. 2003;73:632–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  36. Penno A, Reilly MM, Houlden H, Laura M, Rentsch K, Niederkofler V, et al. Hereditary sensory neuropathy type 1 is caused by the accumulation of two neurotoxic sphingolipids. J Biol Chem. 2010;285:11178–87.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  37. Guelly C, Zhu PP, Leonardis L, Papic L, Zidar J, Schabhuttl M, et al. Targeted high-throughput sequencing identifies mutations in atlastin-1 as a cause of hereditary sensory neuropathy type I. Am J Hum Genet. 2011;88:99–105.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  38. Klein CJ, Botuyan MV, Wu Y, Ward CJ, Nicholson GA, Hammans S, et al. Mutations in DNMT1 cause hereditary sensory neuropathy with dementia and hearing loss. Nat Genet. 2011;43:595–600.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  39. Kornak U, Mademan I, Schinke M, Voigt M, Krawitz P, Hecht J, et al. Sensory neuropathy with bone destruction due to a mutation in the membrane-shaping atlastin GTPase 3. Brain. 2014;137:683–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Lafreniere RG, MacDonald ML, Dube MP, MacFarlane J, O'Driscoll M, Brais B, et al. Identification of a novel gene (HSN2) causing hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type II through the Study of Canadian Genetic Isolates. Am J Hum Genet. 2004;74:1064–73.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  41. Ilgaz Aydinlar E, Rolfs A, Serteser M, Parman Y. Mutation in FAM134B causing hereditary sensory neuropathy with spasticity in a Turkish family. Muscle Nerve. 2014;49:774–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Riviere JB, Ramalingam S, Lavastre V, Shekarabi M, Holbert S, Lafontaine J, et al. KIF1A, an axonal transporter of synaptic vesicles, is mutated in hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type 2. Am J Hum Genet. 2011;89:219–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  43. Cox JJ, Reimann F, Nicholas AK, Thornton G, Roberts E, Springell K, et al. An SCN9A channelopathy causes congenital inability to experience pain. Nature. 2006;444:894–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Guven Y, Altunoglu U, Aktoren O, Uyguner ZO, Kayserili H, Kaewkahya M, et al. Twins with hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type IV with preserved periodontal sensation. Eur J Med Genet. 2014;57:240–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Hutton A, McKaig S. The dental management of a child with congenital insensitivity to pain. Dent Update. 2010;37:180–2. 185.

  46. Zilberman U, Zilberman S, Keinan D, Elyiahu M. Enamel development in primary molars from children with familial dysautonomia. Arch Oral Biol. 2010;55:907–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Singla S, Marwah N, Dutta S. Congenital insensitivity to pain (hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type V): a rare case report. J Dent Child (Chic). 2008;75:207–11.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Siqueira SR, Okada M, Lino AM, Teixeira MJ, Siqueira JT. Proposal for a standardized protocol for the systematic orofacial examination of patients with Hereditary Sensory Radicular Neuropathy. Int Endod J. 2006;39:905–15.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Erdem TL, Ozcan I, Ilguy D, Sirin S. Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy: review and a case report with dental implications. J Oral Rehabil. 2000;27:180–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Kim JS, Woo YJ, Kim GM, Kim CJ, Ma JS, Hwang TJ, et al. Congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis: a case report. J Korean Med Sci. 1999;14:460–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  51. Rodd HD, Loescher AR, Boissonade FM. Immunocytochemical and electron-microscopic features of tooth pulp innervation in hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy. Arch Oral Biol. 1998;43:445–54.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Mass E, Gadoth N, Harell D, Wolff A. Can salivary composition and high flow rate explain the low caries rate in children with familial dysautonomia? Pediatr Dent. 2002;24:581–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Edvardson S, Cinnamon Y, Jalas C, Shaag A, Maayan C, Axelrod FB, et al. Hereditary sensory autonomic neuropathy caused by a mutation in dystonin. Ann Neurol. 2012;71:569–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Leipold E, Liebmann L, Korenke GC, Heinrich T, Giesselmann S, Baets J, et al. A de novo gain-of-function mutation in SCN11A causes loss of pain perception. Nat Genet. 2013;45:1399–404.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Woods CG, Babiker MO, Horrocks I, Tolmie J, Kurth I. The phenotype of congenital insensitivity to pain due to the NaV1.9 variant p.L811P. Eur J Hum Genet. 2015;23:1434.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  56. Eregowda NI, Yadav S, Parameshwarappa P, Basavraj RK. A Girl with No Pain: Congenital Insensitivity To Pain and Anhidrosis (HSAN) Type IV – A Case Report. J Clin Diagn Res. 2016;10:Zl01–02.

  57. Ozkaya AK, Guler E, Arik E, Namli AR, Cevizli D, Gungor O. A case of congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis. Turk Pediatri Ars. 2014;49:177–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  58. Fruchtman Y, Perry ZH, Levy J. Morbidity characteristics of patients with congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis (CIPA). J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2013;26:325–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Paduano S, Iodice G, Farella M, Silva R, Michelotti A. Orthodontic treatment and management of limited mouth opening and oral lesions in a patient with congenital insensitivity to pain: case report. J Oral Rehabil. 2009;36:71–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Romero M, Simon R, Garcia-Recuero JI, Romance A. Dental management of oral self-mutilation in neurological patients: a case of congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2008;13:E644–647.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Wolff A, Harell D, Gadoth N, Mass E. Submandibular and sublingual salivary gland function in familial dysautonomia. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2002;94:315–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Theodorou SD, Klimentopoulou AE, Papalouka E. Congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis. Report of a case and review of the literature. Acta Orthop Belg. 2000;66:137–45.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Mass E, Brin I, Belostoky L, Maayan C, Gadoth N. A cephalometric evaluation of craniofacial morphology in familial dysautonomia. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 1998;35:120–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Mass E, Zilberman U, Gadoth N. Abnormal enamel and pulp dimensions in familial dysautonomia. J Dent Res. 1996;75:1747–52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Mass E, Gadoth N. Oro-dental self-mutilation in familial dysautonomia. J Oral Pathol Med. 1994;23:273–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Mass E, Sarnat H, Ram D, Gadoth N. Dental and oral findings in patients with familial dysautonomia. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1992;74:305–11.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Brahim JS, Roberts MW, McDonald HD. Oral and maxillofacial complications associated with congenital sensory neuropathy with anhydrosis: report of two cases. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1987;45:331–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Thompson BH, Hartwell GR, Ekvall WM, Koudelka BM. Endodontic management of a patient with familial dysautonomia. J Endod. 1986;12:170–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Kumar A, Naik P, Jaishankar HP. Congenital insensitivity to pain: Review with dental implications. Indian J Pain. 2014;28:13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. Mass E. A review of the oro-dento-facial characteristics of hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type III (familial dysautonomia). Spec Care Dentist. 2012;32:15–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Nagasako EM, Oaklander AL, Dworkin RH. Congenital insensitivity to pain: an update. Pain. 2003;101:213–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

Not applicable.

Funding

This study was funded by the authors and their institutions.

Availability of data and materials

Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analyzed during the current study.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Center for Dental and Craniofacial Sciences, Department of Orthodontics, Dentofacial Orthopedics and Pedodontics, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Aßmannshauser Str. 4-6, 14197, Berlin, Germany

    Karim Elhennawy, Seif Reda, Christian Finke, Paul-Georg Jost-Brinkmann & Theodosia Bartzela

  2. Ambulantes Gesundheitszentrum, Campus Virchow Clinic, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

    Luitgard Graul-Neumann

  3. Charité Campus Virchow, Department of Human Genetics, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany

    Luitgard Graul-Neumann

Authors
  1. Karim Elhennawy
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Seif Reda
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Christian Finke
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Luitgard Graul-Neumann
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Paul-Georg Jost-Brinkmann
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Theodosia Bartzela
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

All authors have read and approved the final manuscript. LG is the human geneticist who did the genetic analysis and interpretation. CF, KE, and SR were the pediatric dentists of the patient. CF followed the dental treatment of the patient from 8 months of age until the present time. TB, PJ, and KE conceived and designed the work, reviewed the literature and the differential diagnosis, and delineated the critical point for the discussion. All the authors gave their contribution to the drafting and critical review of the article.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Theodosia Bartzela.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

No ethical approval was needed. Informed consent was obtained from the patient’s legal guardians involved in this study.

Consent for publication

Written informed consent was obtained from the patient’s legal guardian(s) for publication of this case report and any accompanying images. A copy of the written consent is available for review by the Editor-in-Chief of this journal.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Elhennawy, K., Reda, S., Finke, C. et al. Oral manifestations, dental management, and a rare homozygous mutation of the PRDM12 gene in a boy with hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type VIII: a case report and review of the literature. J Med Case Reports 11, 233 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13256-017-1387-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13256-017-1387-z

Keywords

Journal of Medical Case Reports

ISSN: 1752-1947