Anomalous pulmonary venous return disorders are a specific group of congenital heart diseases caused by the abnormal drainage of a part or the entire right lung to the inferior vena cava, the right atrium or a variety of venous connections from the anomalous pulmonary vein to a systemic vein [4–6]. The estimated incidence is two out of 100,000 births [6]. When it is associated with hypoplasia of the right lung and pulmonary hypertension, it is specifically referred to as the scimitar syndrome. Agenesis of the hepatic vena cava with azygos or hemiazygos continuation to the vena cava superior and persistence of the hepatic venous are also described under this denominator [1, 3, 6, 8].
In its infant form, the scimitar syndrome is diagnosed within the first 2 months after birth, with symptoms of failure to thrive, tachypnea, heart failure and cyanosis. There is an associated mortality of about 45%. When diagnosis is established beyond the neonatal period, patients are categorized into the paediatric or adult form with symptoms that are usually milder or even absent and depending on the degree of lung hypoplasia. Patients often have a history of repetitive pneumonia of the right lung, signs of pulmonary hypertension and/or chronic right ventricle volume overload [3, 5, 6].
The diagnosis, when considered, can easily be substantiated by a pathognomonic sign on chest X-ray, the scimitar sign, which is present in about 70% of the patients. The anatomical basis of this sign is the anomalous pulmonary vein descending below the diaphragm creating a half crescent sign at the right side of the heart and as such resembling a Turkish sword or scimitar. CT and MRI can both be used to delineate the exact anatomy of the anomalous drainage as well as for the additional assessment of concomitant congenital defects of the bronchovascular tree, lung or thoracic spine. Quantification of the severity of the left-to-right shunt can be assessed either through dynamic MRI or conventional cardiac catheterisation.
Surgical repair is nearly always required for the infantile form, while in the adult form it needs only to be considered in case of a history of recurrent right lung infections, significant left-to-right shunting or pulmonary hypertension [4–7]. The main aim of the procedures is to avoid sequelae of chronic heart overload. Procedures potentially to be considered are pneumectomy of the affected hypoplastic lung [5, 6] or, more often applied, a corrective surgical intervention to reroute the anomalous pulmonary flow to the left atrium [5–7].
Complications of scimitar repair relate principally to stenosis, thrombosis and occlusion of the scimitar vein and its deviation. Anticoagulation and close follow up are essential [5, 7].Our case represents an extremely rare complication. The orifice of the scimitar vein at the inferior vena cava was actually a common orifice with the right hepatic vein, as shown on multiplanar CT images (Figure 1). The pericardial patch, used during the long baffle procedure, was placed on this common orifice, therefore leading to anomalous connection of the right hepatic vein with the left atrium. The new anatomical condition with 180-degree turnabout of the blood flow in the scimitar vein, in combination with an elevated pressure in the left atrium and the scimitar vein due to an increased venous return to the left atrium, led to venous congestion, compensatory left liver hypertrophy and a small amount of ascites, comparable with a subacute presentation of Budd–Chiari syndrome.
Budd–Chiari syndrome is defined as a pathophysiological process resulting in an interruption or decrease of the normal blood flow from the liver into the vena cava [9]. It was first described in 1845 by George Budd [10, 11] and has an incidence of 1 in 100,000, most frequently among women. A distinction is made between a primary and secondary form, depending on an intraluminal or extraluminal cause [9]. In the Caucasian population, thrombosis is the most frequent reason of vascular obstruction, whereas in Asian countries and in South Africa, membranous obstruction of the vena cava is more often the cause [10, 12]. The pathophysiological mechanism is based on elevated sinusoidal pressure in the liver, secondary to the posthepatic obstruction, thus leading to sinusoidal congestion and hepatomegaly, possibly even to perisinusoidal necrosis of the hepatocytes and liver failure. Hepatomegaly and sinusoidal congestion result in hepatic pain, portal hypertension and ascites [10, 11]. Depending on the severity of the obstruction, collateral drainage will develop through the lumbal veins, the vertebral venous plexus and the vena azygos and hemiazygos. Clinical presentation can be chronic, subacute or acute, depending on the development of collaterals. Acute onset is characterized by a triad of hepatomegaly, right hypochondrium tenderness and ascites. Collaterals hardly have time to develop. Elevated liver enzymes are witnessed, and a quick evolution to liver failure is to be feared [10]. In the subacute and chronic form, collaterals have more time to develop, and therefore symptoms are less severe, with insidious progression to portal hypertension and liver cirrhosis [10]. Diagnosis is made through ultrasound and CT, although MRI and arteriography give a more accurate image of the vascular anatomy. Therapy is based on retrospective studies and clinical experience, and the main goal is to achieve a decompression of the liver [9, 11]. Medical therapy is often insufficient, and consists of diuretics to reduce ascites and a causative treatment of thrombosis. Angioplasty with balloon dilatation, stenting and transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt offer a more adequate decongestion [9–11]. In some cases, transplantation is required.
Our patient presented with symptoms of subacute Budd–Chiari syndrome, including a vague abdominal discomfort, minimal liver function disorders, and minor ascites, established during a period of several weeks after surgery. As only a small part of her liver was affected, an evolution to liver failure was not to be expected. By contrast, her left liver lobe gradually became hypertrophic while her right became hypotrophic. Symptomatic treatment with dietary changes and gastroprokinetic drugs was enough to reduce her symptoms in combination with watchful waiting.
