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Table 1 Reported retinal vein occlusion (RVO) cases in patients diagnosed with COVID-19 disease

From: Hemicentral retinal vein occlusion in a patient with a history of coronavirus disease 2019 infection: a case report and review of the literature

Authors (time of publication)

Demographics

Comorbidities

Time interval with COVID-19 diagnosis

Method of COVID-19 diagnosis

Severity of COVID-19*

Ocular manifestation

Positive coagulopathy studies **

Insausti et al. [17]

(July 2020)

40 y/o male

Negative

6 weeks before

ELISA

Mild

CRVO in left eye

d-Dimer (672 μg/L), Fibrinogen (451 mg/dL)

Sheth et al. [18]

(October 2020)

52 y/o male

Negative

10 days before

PCR

Moderate

Inferior HCRVO with superonasal BRVO in left eye

Unremarkable

Gaba et al. [19]

(October 2020)

40 y/o male

Hypertension, morbid obesity, deep vein thrombosis

3 days before

PCR, HRCT

Severe

Bilateral CRVO

d-Dimer (> 20000 µg/L)

Invernizzi et al. [20]

(November 2020)

54 y/o female

Negative

5 days before

Not mentioned

Mild

CRVO in right eye

PT (13.8 s)

INR (1.27)

Fibrinogen (682 mg/dL)

Walinjkar et al. [21]

(November 2020)

17 y/o female

Polycystic ovaries

23 days before

HRCT, serology (IgG)

Mild

CRVO in right eye

Unremarkable

Yahalomi et al. [22]

(December 2020)

33 y/o male

Negative

5 to 2 weeks before

Serology (IgG)

Mild

CRVO in left eye

Slightly abnormal fibrinogen and d-Dimer

Monferrer et al. [23]

(December 2020)

59 y/o female

DM

18 days after ocular manifestations

PCR

Mild

Bilateral CRVO

Thrombocytopenia (126 × 109/L)

Lorca et al. [24]

(December 2020

30 y/o female

DM (maturity onset)

1 month after discharge

Not mentioned

Moderate

Bilateral CRVO

Substantial increases value of d-dimer, ferritin, fibrinogen, and platelets

Duff et al. [16]

(February 2021)

74 y/o female

Hyperlipidemia

Concurrent

Not mentioned

Mild

Infratemporal BRVO in left eye; CME occurred 3 months later

Unremarkable

Finn et al. [15]

(March 2021)

32 y/o male

Negative

2 months before

PCR and ELISA

Mild

inferior HCRVO in right eye

Unremarkable

Raval et al. [25]

(April 2021)

39 y/o male

Negative

7 days before

PCR

Mild

CRVO in right eye

Unremarkable

Venkatesh et al. [26]

(May 2021)

56 y/o female

DM

Asymptomatic

Serology (IgG)

Asymptomatic

CRVO in left eye

d-Dimer (707 μg/L),

PT (14.8 s)

INR (1.18)

Al-Abri et al. [27]

(July 2021)

33 y/o male

Negative

6 month prior to the presentation ***

Not mentioned

Mild

CRVO in left eye

Unremarkable

Staropoli et al. [9]

(April 2022)

15 y/o male

Homozygous for MTHFR

Concurrent

PCR

Asymptomatic

CRVO in left eye

Homozygous MTHFR

Normal homocysteine levels

Modjtahedi et al. [28]

(April 2022)

A cohort of 16 patients (among 432,515 patients with COVID-19)

Not determined

From 2 weeks before to 26 weeks after diagnosis

PCR

N/A

Not determined on the basis of every patients

N/A

  1. BRVO branch retinal vein occlusion, CME cystoid macular edema, CRVO central retinal vein occlusion, DM diabetes mellitus, ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, HCRVO hemi – central retinal vein occlusion, HRCT high resolution computed tomography, INR international normalized ration, PCR polymerase chain reaction, PT prothrombin time
  2. *Mild = treated as outpatient; moderate = hospitalized; severe = ICU admit
  3. **abnormal ranges: d-Dimer > 500 μg/L; fibrinogen > 400–500 mg/dL (depending on laboratory references); PT > 13.5 s; INR > 1.11; platelet count < 150 × 109/L
  4. ***Patients symptoms started after administration of COVID-19 (Pfizer-BioNTech) vaccine