Fig. 2
From: Twenty cases of perennial and seasonal allergic rhinitis treated with LumiMed® Nasal Device
Mechanism of photobiomodulation. Red or near infrared light is absorbed by chromophores in the mitochondria. This triggers the production of ATP, reactive oxygen species, and nitric oxide. These factors collectively influence gene transcription through transcription factors like NF-kB, as well as other cellular processes, to decrease pain, alter proinflammatory cytokine profiles, regulate immune cells, etc. ATP adenosine triphosphate, DNA deoxyribonucleic acid, NO nitric oxide, ROS reactive oxygen species