Table 2 Psychiatric symptoms and signs of the patient aligned with the DSM-V criteria for panic disorder

(A) Recurrent unexpected panic attacks. A panic attack is an abrupt surge of intense fear or intense discomfort that reaches a peak within minutes, and during which time four (or more) of the following symptoms in right column occur

Palpitation

O

O

X

Pounding heart

X

X

X

Sweating

O

X

X

1) Trembling or 2) shaking

O (1)

O (1)

X

1) Sensations of shortness of breath or 2) smothering

O (both)

O (both)

X

Feeling of choking

X

X

X

1) Chest pain or 2) discomfort

O (both)

O (both)

1) Nausea or 2) abdominal distress

O (1)

O (1)

X

1) Feeling dizzy, 2) unsteady, 3) light-headed, or 4) faint

X

X

X

1) Chills or 2) heat sensations

X

X

X

Paresthesias (1) numbness or 2) tingling sensations)

O (2)

O (2)

X

1) Derealization (feelings of unreality) or 2) depersonalization (being detached from oneset, 3) fear of losing control or 4) “going crazy”

O (3)

O (3)

X

Fear of dying

O

O

X

(B) At least one of the attacks has been followed by 1 month (or more) of one or both of the following in the right column

Persistent concern or worry about additional panic attacks or their consequences (for example, losing control, having a heart attack, “going crazy”)

O

O

O

A significant maladaptive change in behavior related to the attacks (for example, behaviors designed to avoid having panic attacks, such as avoidance of exercise or unfamiliar situations)

X

X

X