Hypercalcemia–leukocytosis syndrome from non-schistosomiasis-associated squamous cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder: a case report and review of the literature

Table 1 Summary of HLS associated with NSA-SCC of the urinary bladder

References	Year	Country	Age	Sex	Surgical care	Adjuvant care	Histology	Stage	Peak WCC (× 10⁹/L)	Peak Ca (mmol/L)	GCSF (pg/mL)	PTHrP (pmol/L)	Resolution post-intervention	Survival (months from diagnosis)	Survival (months from PNS onset)
Vaidyanathan et al. [7]	2002	UK	NI	M	Suprapubic cystostomy and debulking; then palliative care	NI	Necrotic keratinizing moderately differentiated SCC	pT2a/b N₀M₀	22.2	3.28	NI	NI	No resolution after debulking	5	NI
Hirasawa et al. [8]	2002	Japan	51	M	Radical cystectomy and neobladder	NAC (CP)	TCC + SCC	NI	30.2	2.79	98.3	2.3	Resolved following TURBT	40*	40*
Turalic et al. [6]	2006	USA	51	F	Radical cystectomy and ileal conduit	NI	Poorly differentiated TCC + keratinizing SCC	pT4N₁M₁	34	2.97	84.9	NI	PNS from metastases following intervention	3	1
Rink et al. [9]	2009	Germany	53	F	Radical cystectomy and ileal conduit	AC (T)^NR	TCC + SCC	pT3bN₁M₀	139.2	4.15	100	14	Resolved following cystectomy	2	NI
Index case	2020	UK	65	M	Radical cystectomy and ileal conduit	Radiotherapy	Moderately to poorly differentiated SCC with spindle cells	pT3bN₁M₀	41	3.22	NI	NI	Resolved following cystectomy	20*	20*

NAC neoadjuvant chemotherapy, AC adjuvant chemotherapy, CP cisplatin–pirarubicin (intraarterial injection), T paclitaxel, NR no response, NI not included, PNS paraneoplastic syndrome
*Follow-up duration (not survival). Median survival for previously reported cases was 4 months

ISSN: 1752-1947