Table 1 Reported cases of spontaneous basal intrasphenoidal, transethmoidal, and bilateral herniations including meningoceles, encephaloceles, and meningoencephaloceles
Authors | Age, sex | Location | Type of herniation | Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea?* | Bony defect |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Transethmoidal | |||||
Sharifi et al. [10] 2014 | 35 F | Right | Meningoencephalocele | Yes | Ethmoid sinus |
Hasegawa et al. [11] 2005 | 52 M | Right | Meningoencephalocele | Yes | Cribriform |
Singh et al. [29] 2013 | 42 M | Left | Meningocele | No | Cribriform |
Schwartz and Shaw [12] 2002 | 62 M | Left | Meningoencephalocele | Yes | Cribriform |
Thijssen et al. [13] 1976 | 24 F | Left | Encephalocele | Yes | Cribriform |
Ziade et al. [14] 2016 | 47.5 (median age) 8 Females 2 Males | 3 left, 7 right | 7 meningoceles, 3 meningoencephaloceles | Yes, all | Cribriform, all |
Intrasphenoidal | |||||
Stefanelli et al. [15] 2014 | 41 M | Right | Meningoencephalocele | No | Greater wing of sphenoid |
Kwon and Kim [16] 2010 | 45 F | Right | Meningoencephalocele | Yes | Pneumatized SS |
Fraioli et al. [17] 2003 | 59 M | Right | Encephalocele | Yes | Lateral SS |
Alfieri et al. [18] 2002 | 63 F | Right | Encephalocele | Yes | Lateral SS |
Daniilidis et al. [19] 1999 | 46 F | Right | Encephalocele | Yes | Lateral SS |
Deasy et al. [20] 1999 | 40 F, 59 M | Right | Encephalocele | Yes, both | Lateral SS |
Clyde and Stechison [21] 1995 | 54 F | Right | Meningoencephalocele | Yes | Lateral SS |
Peltonen et al. [22] 2008 | 60 M | Left | Encephalocele | Yes | Roof of SS |
Herman et al. [23] 2003 | 45 F | Left | Meningoencephalocele | Yes | Ptosis, floor of third ventricle |
Willner et al. [24] 1994 | 67 F | Left | Encephalocele | Yes | N/A |
Albernaz et al. [25] 1991 | 47 F | Left | Encephalocele | No | Middle cranial fossa |
Buchfelder et al. [26] 1987 | 44 F | Left | Encephalocele | Yes | Lateral SS |
Sanjari et al. [8] 2013 | 45 F | Left | Meningocele | Yes | Lateral SS |
Ogul et al. [27] 2014 | 42 F | N/A | Encephalocele | No | Hypomineralization of sphenoid bone |
Abiko et al. [5] 1988 | 46 F | N/A | Encephalocele | No | Erosion of planum sphenoidale |
Lai et al. [6] 2002 | 52.3 (mean age) 7 females, 5 males | 7 left, 5 right | Encephaloceles (all) | 3/12 | 8 lateral SS, 4 midline perisellar |
Bilateral | |||||
Firat and Firat [28] 2004 | 53 M | Both | Meningoencephaloceles | Yes | Cribriform, lateral SS, anterior + posterior frontal sinus |
Aggarwal et al. [2]2017 | 44 M | Both | Meningoencephaloceles | Yes | Bilateral DAVF |
Schlosser and Bolger [9] 2002 | 49.2 (mean age) 4 females, 1 male | Both | Meningoencephaloceles (all 5) | 4/5 yes | Bilateral lateral SS × 3, posterior ethmoid/frontal, frontal/central sphenoid |