Table 1 Summary of previous reports of central retinal artery occlusion after retrobulbar anesthesia
Study | Age (years), gender | Cardiovascular risk factors | Diagnosis | Procedure | Therapy | Time to treatment or examination (days) | Preoperative Visual Acuity | Postoperative Early Visual Acuity | Postoperative Final Visual Acuity | Follow-up (days) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Klein et al. [14] | 19, F 43, F 33, F 59, M | DM Sickle-cell hemoglobinopathy Sickle-cell hemoglobinopathy Carotid insufficiency | PDR SCR SCR OIS with secondary glaucoma | Photocoagulation Photocoagulation Photocoagulation Photocoagulation | Ocular massage Ocular massage None AC paracentesis | Immediately Immediately Immediately | 20/50 NA 20/40 20/50 | FC HM FC NA | 20/30 20/20 20/50 | 7 3 1 |
Sullivan et al. [36] | 60, M 81, F 67, F | Acetylsalicylic acid daily Acetylsalicylic acid daily NA | Cataract Cataract AACG | Phaco + IOL Cataract extraction with AC IOL implantation Surgical iridectomy | Kronlein lateral orbitotomy with nerve sheath decompression, carbogen inhalation, lowering IOP Mx None None | 6 2 4 | 20/60 NA 20/32 | 20/60 NLP 20/200 | 6/60 NLP | 6 0 7 |
Cowley et al. [35] | 30, F | DM | PDR | Photocoagulation | Ocular massage, AC paracentesis, sublingual nitroglycerin, inhalation of carbon dioxide | Immediate | 20/80 | NA | NA | NA |
Mieler et al. [15] | 34, F | None | Cataract | Phaco+IOL | None | 1 | NA | LP | HM | 150 |
Roth et al. [34] | 38, M | Sickle-cell hemoglobinopathy | Proliferative SCR | Photocoagulation | None | Immediately | NA | HM | HM | 365 |
Giuffre et al. [13] | 61, M | HTN | Cataract | Extracapsular cataract extraction | None | 3 | NA | LP | NLP | 14 |
Torres et al. [33] | 74, F 66, F | None HTN | Cataract Cataract | Extracapsular cataract extraction with IOL implantation Extracapsular cataract extraction with IOL implantation | None None | 1 1 | 1 | NA NA | LP LP | CRVO CRVO |
Mameletzi et al. [32] | 78, F | None | Cataract | Phaco + IOL | Lowering IOP Mx, anticalcic therapy, methylprednisolone | 1 | NA | LP | HM | 30 |
Tappeiner et al. [31] | 58, M 79, M 83, F | HTN HTN, aorta aneurysm None | Macular pucker Macular hole Vitreous hemorrhage | Vitrectomy Vitrectomy Vitrectomy | Lowering IOP Mx Lowering IOP Mx Lowering IOP Mx | 2-14 2-14 2-14 | NA NA NA | NA NA NA | 20/320 LP 20/200 | 365 365 365 |
Jung et al. [2] | 72, M 72, F 53, F 72, M 66, F | HTN, cerebral infarction HTN, DM, ICA stenosis, MI HTN, DM, ESRD, cerebral infarction HTN HTN | Cataract VH VH Macular pucker Cataract | Phaco + iol PPV PPV PPV Phaco + IOL | Intraarterial thrombolysis Intraarterial thrombolysis Anteriorchamber paracentesis, lowering IOP Mx None intraarterial thrombolysis | 1 1 7 1 1 | NLP NLP HM HM HM | NA | NLP LP NLP FC FC | 1367 4 1577 1807 942 |
Vasavada et al. [4] | 65, F 46, F | DM, HTN None | Cataract Cataract | MSICS Phaco + IOL | Ocular massage, AC paracentesis, IOP lowering drops None | 1 30 | NA NA | NA NA | CF CF | NANA |
Fischer et al. [30] | 72, F 63, M 69, M | None DM None | MH with several peripheral retinal degenerations Cataract RRD | Encircling band, PPV, C2F6 (10%) Phaco + IOL PPV, encircling band, C2F6 (14%) | None None None | 19 69 21 | 0.4 0.5 0.1 | NA NA NA | HM 1.0 HM | NA NA NA |
Russell et al. [1] | 28, M 70, F | Familiarity for MI HTN | RRD Vitrous opacities | PPV | AC tap, timolol-dorzo., brimon., hyper-ventilation None | 1 1 | 20/15 20/25 | LP 3/200 | Â | 300 180 |
Confalonieri et al. [29] | 67, M | History of MI | Macular pucker | PPVÂ +Â peeling ERM | None | 1 | 0.5 | 0.05 | Â | 120 |