Table 2 Literature review of case reports of penile strangulation caused by metallic objects removed by string technique, nonelectric cutting, and electric cutting devices
Author | Year published | Object | Size | Trauma grade according to Bhat et al. | Incarceration time | Treatment method |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
String technique | ||||||
 Bucy et al. [26] | 1968 | Ball bearing | 2 cm ID 1.5 cm T | 2 | 8 hours | Cord, glans aspiration |
 Vähäsarja et al. [22] | 1993 | Loop wrench Ball bearing | 11 mm ID UKN | UKN 2 | 5 hours 24 hours | String, glans aspiration String, glans aspiration |
 Noh et al. [21] | 2004 | Metal bearing Metal bearing | 11 mm ID 22 mm OD UKN | UKN UKN | 5 hours 8 hours | String, glans aspiration String, glans aspiration |
 Patel et al. [27] | 2018 | Metal ring (entrapment with both phallus and scrotum) Metal ring | 6 cm ID 1 cm T UKN | UKN UKN | 24 hours 48 hours | Industrial-grade steel bolt cutters Bolt cutters |
 Sarkar et al. [17] | 2019 | Metallic plumbing pipe Metal ring Metal ring | 4 cm L UKN UKN | 2 1 2 | 6 hours 3 hours 7 hours | Aspiration and string method String method Aspiration and string method |
 Maregowda et al. [28] | 2020 | Two metal rings | UKN | 3 | 6 hours | String, glans aspiration |
Nonelectric cutting devices | ||||||
Steiner et al. [34] | 1978 | Metal nut | 1 cm W | 2 | 8 days | Hacksaw |
Bhat et al. [6] | 1991 | Metal nut Metal nut Metal ring | 0.5 cm T 0.5 cm T 0.3 cm T | 3 3 2 | 8 days 5 days 4 days | Hammer and chisel Metal saw Metal saw |
Perabo et al. [9] | 2002 | Wedding ring Metal cuff Bull ring | UKN UKN 33 mm W 5 mm T | 1 1 1 | 3 hours Earlier in the day 3 days | Ring cutter Metal saw Bolt cutter |
Patel et al. [20] | 2006 | Two metal radiator clamps | UKN | 2 | 6 months | Orthopedic wire cutter |
Shukla et al. [16] | 2014 | Metal ring Metal ring | 2 cm ID 2.5 cm ID 4 mm T | 2 2 | 14 hours 9 hours | Metal saw Metal saw |
Sawant et al. [32] | 2016 | Metal ring | UKN | UKN | 4 days | K-wire cutter |
Noegroho et al. [1] | 2021 | Metal ring Metal ring Metal ring | UKN UKN UKN | UKN UKN UKN | 1 month 18 hours 16 hours | Wire pliers Wire pliers Wire pliers |
Electric cutting devices | ||||||
 Greenspan et al. [33] | 1982 | Steel ring | UKN | 2 | 7 hours | Dremmel moto tool with grinder |
 Bhat et al. [6] | 1991 | Ball bearing | 3 cm T | 3 | 5 days | Heavy drill |
 Silberstein et al. [11] | 2008 | Metal ring on penis & scrotum | 6.5 cm OD 4.5 cm ID | UKN | 3 days | Dremmel rotating saw |
 Etetafia et al. [18] | 2014 | Metal ring | 2.2 cm ID | UKN | 16 hours. | Dental handpiece |
 Purnell et al. [23] | 2016 | Two metal cock rings | UKN | UKN | 8 hours | Midas Rex Legend pneumatic orthopedic drill |
 Paonam et al. [7] | 2017 | Metal ring | UKN | 3 | 2 days | Micromotor with wheel shape bur |
 Low et al. [31] | 2018 | Metal ring | UKN | 2 | 12 hours | GEM ring cutter system with abrasive discs |
 Ichaoui et al. [25] | 2018 | Metal ring | UKN | UKN | 10 days | Angle grinder |
 Dawood et al. [13] | 2019 | Metal ring | UKN | 2 | 12 hours | Diamond-tipped Midas drill |
 Agrawal et al. [8] | 2020 | Metal cone ring | 0.3 cm T 3 cm W 4.5 cm L | UKN | 7 days | Angle grinder |
 Rahmita et al. [19] | 2020 | Bolt ring | 1.5 cm T | 3 | 12 hours | Electric grinder |
 Kyomukama et al. [15] | 2021 | Metal ring | 2.5 cm ID 2 mm T | UKN | 72 hours | Angle grinder |
 Noegroho et al. [1] | 2021 | Metal ring | 4 cm W 5 mm T | UKN | 1 month | Electric grinder |
 Present study | 2021 | Metal Nut | 2.5 cm ID 1.2 cm T | 3 | 10 hours | Dental drill with diamond bur |