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Table 1 Summary of relevant investigations for cause of diarrhea

From: Life-threatening diarrhea in neuroendocrine tumors: two case reports

Investigation

Result

Serum hormonal levels

Chromogranin A (< 85 ng/mL)

Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) (0.0–50.0 pmol/L)

Glucagon (50–150 pg/mL)

29,000

Within range

Within range

Urine testing

Urine 5-HIAA (0–40 µmol/24 hours)

1727

Pathology

Full blood count, liver function tests, B12, thyroid function, folate, vitamin D, celiac serology, calcium

No significant abnormalities

Fecal analysis

Culture and sensitivity, calprotectin, chymotrypsin, osmolality, pancreatic elastase

No significant findings

Anatomical defects

Flexible sigmoidoscopy

Gastroscopy and colonoscopy, colonic biopsy

No significant findings