Type 1—retinacular avulsion (most common) | (a) Retinaculum is avulsed of medial malleolus (b) Retinaculum is avulsed of medial malleolus with a bony rim | (a) Transosseous suture repair (b) Transosseous suture repair or Nonoperative treatment |
Type 2—retinacular tear | The retinaculum is ruptured | Repair with sutures |
Type 3—deficient tissue | The tissue of the retinaculum is deficient | Reconstruction of the retinaculum with a periosteal flap |