From: Miller Fisher syndrome with bilateral vocal cord paralysis: a case report
Vascular | Ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke |
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Infectious | Meningitis, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, brainstem encephalitis |
Traumatic | Spinal cord transection |
Toxic/Metabolic | Alcoholism, hypokalemia, hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia, botulism |
Autoimmune | Guillain–Barré syndrome, Miller Fisher syndrome, transverse myelitis, myasthenia gravis, Bickerstaff’s brainstem encephalitis |
Neoplastic | Primary tumor involving brainstem or metastases involving brainstem |