Table 1 Review of the literature on body stalk malformation
From: Body stalk anomaly presenting as an emergency in Ethiopia: a case report
Reference | Description of study | Type of malformation | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|
Singh et al., 2017 [5] | Case report | Large omphalocele with herniation of the small intestine and liver covered by the amniotic membrane and attached to the placenta Very short umbilical cord | Abortion at 15 weeks |
Kocherla et al., 2015 [15] | Case report | Large omphalocele with herniation of the small intestine and liver covered by amniotic membrane Lower limbs deformity with bilateral talipes Anencephaly with spina bifida Karyotype 46,XX | Abortion at 14 weeks |
Plakkal et al., 2008 [16] | Case report | Very short umbilical cord Amelia of the left upper limb Large defect in the body wall involving the thorax and the abdomen with evisceration of the lungs, stomach, liver, spleen, and intestines The sternum, the anterior costal parts of the ribs on the left side, and the diaphragm were absent. Scoliosis of the spine | Stillborn at 36 weeks |
Luiz et al., 2016 [18] | Case report | Bulky ruptured omphalocele Pelvic asymmetry Atrophy of the lower limbs with clubfoot | Delivered by cesarean section at 36 weeks of gestation Survived for 84 days |
Maria et al., 2016 [19] | Case report | Severe kyphoscoliotic spine Large anterior abdomen wall with liver, stomach, small and large bowels, right kidney, cardiac apex, and two right lung lobes outside the body with no membrane surrounding them Congenital diaphragmatic hernia with the ascent of the left kidney in the thoracic cavity, along with hypoplastic lungs, with three lobes on the right lung and four lobes in the left one Internal hydrocephalus in the brain Short umbilical cord | Abortion at 23 weeks |
Adelita and Melissa, 2015 [20] | Case report | Extrusion of the intra-abdominal and thoracic contents Syndactyly of the third and fourth fingers of the right hand 8-cm umbilical cord with two arteries and one vein Permeable anus | Delivery by cesarean section at 27 weeks of gestation Died immediately |
Our patient | Case report | Fetus had only rudimentary right lower extremity Liver and intestine lie outside the abdominal cavity covered by a transparent membrane Very short umbilical (7 cm) cord Severe scoliosis | Delivered by cesarean section Died immediately after delivery |