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Table 1 Clinical symptoms and signs of the main clinical syndromes associated with skull base metastasis

From: Unusual skull base metastasis from neuroendocrine tumor: a case report

Clinical syndrome

Relative frequency

Symptoms

Signs

Orbit syndrome

12.5%

Supraorbital pain

Proptosis

Frontal headache

Periorbital swelling

Diplopia

Ophthalmoplegia

Blurred vision

Decreased visual acuity

Palpable mass

Facial numbness

Parasellar syndrome

29%

Frontal headache

Ophthalmoplegia

Facial pain

Periorbital swelling

Facial numbness

Visual loss

Diplopia

Decreased facial sensation

Hypopituitarism

Diabetes insipidus

Gasserian ganglion syndrome

6%

Atypical facial pain

Abducens palsy

Facial numbness

Facial palsy

Paresthesia

Jugular foramen syndrome

3.5%

Occipital/postauricular pain

Cranial nerve palsies (IX, X, XI)

Hoarseness

Dysphagia

Occipital condyle syndrome

16%

Occipital pain

Cranial nerve palsies (XII)

Neck stiffness

 

Dysarthria

Others

33%

  1. Extracted and adapted from [12, 16, 17]