Table 1 Causes for pediatric acute ischemic stroke classified in major categories
Arteriopathies | Arterial fibromuscular dysplasia, arteriovenous malformation, arterial dissection, moyamoya disease, transient cerebral arteriopathy of childhood, primary central nervous system vasculitis, cranial radiotherapy |
Vasculitis | Meningitis, postinfectious systemic lupus erythematosus, polyarteritis nodosa, granulomatous angiitis, Takayasu’s arteritis, rheumatoid arthritis, dermatomyositis, inflammatory bowel disease, hemolytic uremic syndrome |
Hematologic disorders and coagulopathies | Hemoglobinopathies (sickle cell anemia, sickle cell–hemoglobin C, sickle-thalassemia), purpura, thrombocytosis, polycythemia, disseminated intravascular coagulation, leukemia or other neoplasms, congenital coagulation defects, lupus anticoagulant, anticardiolipin antibodies |
Metabolic disorders | Mitochondrial disorders (MELAS syndrome), urea metabolic disorders, homocystinuria, aminoaciduria, glutaric acidemia type I, lysosomal disorders, Fabry’s disease |
Heart diseases | Congenital malformations: ventricular/atrial septal defect, patent ductus arteriosus, aortic/mitral stenosis, coarctation, complex congenital heart defects Acquired: rheumatic heart disease, endocarditis, myocarditis, arrhythmia |
Traumatic | Child abuse, post-traumatic arterial dissection, blunt cervical arterial trauma, post-traumatic carotid cavernous fistula, penetrating intracranial trauma |