Table 2 Heart Rhythm Society criteria for the diagnosis of cardiac sarcoidosis (adapted from Birnie et al. [10])

Histological

Non-caseating granuloma on myocardial biopsy without alternative cause

(Probable) Clinical

Histological diagnosis of extra-cardiac sarcoidosis

and

One of the following:

• Steroid responsive cardiomyopathy or heart block

• Unexplained LVEF < 40%

• Unexplained sustained VT

• Advanced heart block

• Patchy uptake on cardiac PET

• Late GAD enhancement on cardiac MRI

• Positive gallium uptake

and

Other causes for the cardiac manifestations have been excluded.