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Table 1 Causes of granulomatous and/or necrotizing lymphadenitis, with or without suppuration

From: Suppurative necrotizing granulomatous lymphadenitis in adult-onset Still’s disease: a case report

 

Granulomas

Necrosis

Suppuration

  A. Infections

Viruses

+

(EBV, CMV, HBV, HCV, Herpes simplex, Adenovirus, HIV)

Bacteria

Yersinia pseudotuberculosis

+

+

+

Bartonella

+

+

+

Tropheryma whipplei

+

Francisella tularensis

+

+

+

Brucella

+

+

+

Spirochaetes

Treponema pallidum

+

+

+

Chlamydia

Lymphogranuloma venereum

+

+

+

Rickettsia

Coxiella burnetii

+

Mycobacteria

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

+

+

+

Atypical mycobacterial infection

+

+

+

Mycobacterium leprae

+

+

+

Parasites

Toxoplasmosis

+

±

+

Leishmaniasis

+

Fungi

Histoplasmosis

+

+

+

Aspergillosis

+

Coccidioidomycosis

+

+

+

Cryptococcosis

+

+

+

  B. Neoplastic diseases

Hodgkin disease

+

+

±

Non-Hodgkin disease

±

+

±

Metastatic carcinoma

+

+

±

Langerhans cell histiocytosis

+

Seminoma

+

Dysgerminoma

+

  C. Autoimmune diseases

Systemic lupus erythematosus

+

Granulomatosis with polyangiitis

+

+

+

Churg–Strauss syndrome

+

+

Celiac disease

+

Crohn’s disease

+

Primary biliary cirrhosis

+

+

Kawasaki disease

+

+

  D. Idiopathic diseases

Sarcoidosis

+

Necrotic sarcoid granulomatosis

+

+

Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease

+

+

  E. Autoinflammatory diseases

Familial Mediterranean fever

+

Hyperimmunoglobulinemia-D syndrome

no data

no data

no data

PFAPA syndrome

±

±

  1. Note: ± indicates the potential existence of the corresponding histological feature, which is however non-typical for this disease.
  2. CMV, Cytomegalovirus; EBV, Epstein–Barr virus; HBV, Hepatitis B; HCV, Hepatitis C; HIV, Human immunodeficiency virus; PFAPA, Periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis and adenitis.