Table 1 Review of the literature
Reference | Extramedullary localization | Diagnostic test | Local therapy | Outcome portion | Cause of death |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Goldberg and Mori [3] | Pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade | Autopsy | NR | Death and postmortem diagnosis of pericardial involvement | Heart failure |
Garrett et al. [4] | Pericardial and myocardial involvement and cardiac tamponade | Chest X-ray | Transthoracic pericardiocentesis | No medical therapy for heart involvement | Heart failure |
Imamura et al. [5] | Pleural and pericardial effusion | NR | Pericardiocentesis, intrapericardial injection of OK-432, RT (1400rad), peplomycin, vincristine and prednisolone | CR | Death seven months after diagnosis for progression of systemic disease |
Mitchell et al. [6] | Pericardial effusion and substantial hypertrophy of the right and left ventricular walls, infiltrative cardiomyopathy | Echocardiogram | Bleomycin 20mL in 30mL of normal saline solution introduced into the pericardial space | No recurrent pericardial effusion | 36 hours after his last echocardiogram, the patient became acutely hypoxemic and died suddenly (massive pulmonary embolism) -no autopsy |
Ueda et al. [8] | A-V sulcus between the left atrium and left ventricle (diameter 3cm) Cardiac tamponade | TEE | Cisplatin-betamethasone into the pericardial cavity | CR | Death from bacterial pneumonia 182 days after the first admission - no autopsy |
Champeaux et al. [9] | Myocardium and coronary vessels | Autopsy | NR | NR | Respiratory failure |
Owens et al. [10] | Pericardial effusion and large mass lesions in the left and right atria. Cardiac tamponade | Echocardiography, chest radiography and CT of the heart | Drainage of the effusion, RT to the heart (30Gy/10fr over two weeks with 6mV photons) | Almost complete tumor regression | Alive with disease |
Zeiser et al. [11] | Pericardial and pleural effusion | Echocardiography, CT of the thorax | High-dose systemic dexamethasone | Stable disease for six weeks | Death from pneumonia |
Songul et al. [12] | Left lobe and isthmus of thyroid, bilateral pleural effusion and a 1cm pericardial effusion around the left ventricle. | Chest radiography, CT | Chemotherapy, RT and supportive measures. | Death | Disease progression |
Franzese et al. [13] | Pericardium infiltration | Chest radiography, CT and echocardiogram. | Surgical resection of the intrapericardial mass | NR | NR |
Paulus et al. [14] | Large pericardial effusion, large right atrial mass encasing the interatrial septum extending into the left atrium, cardiac tamponade | Chest radiography, TEE, MRI of the chest, biopsy of the atrial mass | Pericardiocentesis, high-dose dexamethasone, bortezomib and lenalidomide RT to the cardiac mass (20Gy/10fr with 6mV photons using an Anterior-Posterior technique Consolidation unspecified chemotherapy (bortezomib, cyclophosphamide, dexamethasone) | Significant decrease in tumor size in the right atrium and the aortic root | NR |