Table 1 Causes of hyperkalemia.
From: Life-threatening hyperkalemia following zoledronic acid infusion for Paget's disease: a case report
Category | Cause |
|---|---|
Excessive potassium intake | Potassium-containing dietary supplements, intravenous potassium infusion |
Ineffective potassium renal excretion | Renal impairment |
Hormonal | Addison's disease, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, aldosterone deficiency, type IV renal tubular acidosis |
Intra-cellular potassium release | Rhabdomyolysis, tumor lysis syndrome, blood transfusion, hemolysis, beta blockers, digoxin toxicity, low insulin levels |
Medications | Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, amiloride, spironolactone, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, ciclosporin, tacrolimus, trimethoprim, pentamidine, heparin |
Pseudohyperkalemia | Hemolysis during venipuncture, thrombocytosis, leukocytosis, polycythemia |