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Table 2 Non-malignant syndromes that can cause pancytopenia without HLH

From: Prolonged hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis syndrome as an initial presentation of Hodgkin lymphoma: a case report

Infectious

Parvovirus B-19

Visceral leishmaniasis

Bone marrow failure

Aplastic anemia

Myelodysplastic syndrome

Myelofibrosis

Vitamin B12 deficiency

Folate deficiency

Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria

Sarcoidosis

Fanconi anemia

Gaucher disease

Niemann-Pick disease

Inflammatory/Immune

Transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease

Evan's syndrome

Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome

Aplastic anemia

Systemic lupus erythematosus

Toxic

Alcohol

Arsenic

Cyanide

Quinine

Methotrexate

Terfinabine

Tocainamide

  1. Parvovirus and visceral leishmaniasis can also cause pancytopenia by inducing HLH. A diversity of infections can cause pancytopenia when associated with HLH. These are reviewed in Ref. 4 and at http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol6no6/fisman_refs.htm.