Table 2 Literature review of knot formation
From: Spontaneous knot formation complication of double J: two case reports
Case | Year | Author | Age/Gender | Location | Technique of removal |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1989 | Groeneveld et al. [1] | NA | Proximal | Gentle traction |
2 | 1990 | Das et al. [9] | 45/M | Distal | Gentle traction |
3 | 1992 | Braslis et al. [10] | 37/F | Proximal | Percutaneous nephrostomy (PCN) removal |
4 | 1994 | Kundagi et al. [11] | 53/M | Proximal | PCN removal |
5 | 1995 | Flam et al. [7] | 86/M | Proximal | 2nd DJ stent and URS |
6 | 1998 | Baldwinn et al. [6] | 73/M | Proximal | Guidewire (Superstiff) to untie the knot |
7 | 2002 | Quek M et al. [12] | 66/F | Mid | Gentle traction |
8 | 2005 | Sighinolfi et al. [4] | 48/M | Proximal | Continuous traction for 3 days and ESWL |
9 | 2005 | Kondo et al. [13] | 37/M | Proximal | Ureterotomy |
10 | 2006 | Eisner et al. [5] | 82/F | Proximal | Gentle traction (Valsalva) |
11 | 2007 | Basavaraj et al. [14] | 70/F | Proximal | PCN and gentle traction |
12 | 2009 | Rivalta et al. [15] | 83/M | Proximal | Gentle traction with vaseline lubrication |
13 | 2010 | Picozzi et al. [16] | 41/F | Proximal | Gentle traction |
14 | 2011 | Tempest et al. [17] | NA | Proximal | URS and Holmium laser |
15 | 2011 | Richards et al. [18] | 67/M | Proximal | URS and Holmium laser |
16 | 2012 | Moufid et al. [19] | 32/M | Proximal | 2nd DJ stent and gentle traction |
17 | 2012 | Karaguzel et al. [20] | 53/M | Proximal | URS and gentle traction |
18 | 2012 | Nettle et al. [21] | 43/M | Proximal | URS and Holmium laser |
19 | 2012 | Bhirud et al. [22] | 41/M | Proximal | Percutaneous removal with 26F nephroscope |
20 | 2015 | Ahmadi et al. [8] | 45/M | Proximal | URS and Holmium laser |
21 | 2015 | Ahmadi et al | 43/M | Proximal | URS and Holmium laser |
22 | 2015 | Ahmadi et al | 71/M | Proximal | URS and percutaneous retrieval at later date |
23 | 2015 | Ahmadi et al | 55/M | Proximal | URS and Holmium laser |
24 | 2015 | Kim et al. [23] | 53/M | Proximal | Percutaneous and Terumo Guidewire |
25 | 2015 | Manohar et al. [24] | 65/M | Proximal | Staged percutaneous antegrade removal |
26 | 2015 | Manohar et al. | 65/F | Proximal | URS and Holmium laser |
27 | 2015 | Manohar et al. | 55/F | Proximal | URS and Holmium laser |
28 | 2015 | Manohar et al. | 59/M | Proximal | Gentle traction |
29 | 2020 | Bradshaw et al. [3] | 57/F | Proximal | URS and dilation |
30 | 2020 | Cho et al. [25] | 62/M | Proximal | URS and guidewire |
31 | 2021 | Choo ZW et al. [26] | 73/M | Proximal | URS and Holmium laser |
32 | 2022 | Agarwal et al. [27] | 77/M | Proximal | Access sheath assembly |
33 | 2022 | Agarwal et al | 44/M | Proximal | Access sheath assembly |
34 | 2022 | Agarwal et al | 65/M | Proximal | Access sheath assembly |
35 | 2022 | Gur et al. [28] | 25/F | Mid | Guidewire |
36 | 2022 | Jendouzi et al. [2] | 20/M | Proximal | URS and Holmium laser |
37 | 2022 | Divya et al. [29] | 5/M | Proximal | Percutaneous and cystoscopically |
38 | 2023 | Weeratunga et al. [30] | 73/M | Proximal | Loop-snare technique |
39 | 2023 | Present study | 67/M | Proximal | Gentle traction |
40 | 2023 | Present study | 35/M | Proximal | Gentle traction |