From: Laparoscopic-assisted resection of a giant colonic diverticulum: a case report
Condition | Age at presentation (years) | Diagnostic investigation | Distinguishing features |
---|---|---|---|
GCD | >60 | AXR, CT | >4 cm in size, air filled cyst |
 |  |  | Usually arises from the sigmoid colon |
 |  |  | Anti-mesenteric border [2] |
 |  |  | Associated diverticular disease |
 |  |  | |
Pneumatosis cystoides | 30-50 [11] | CT | Usually asymptomatic |
 |  |  | Symptoms: abdominal distension, discomfort, mucoid stools |
 |  |  | 15% primary/idiopathic |
 |  |  | 85% secondary: IBD, diverticulosis, pulmonary disease |
 |  |  | Numerous small pockets within bowel wall |
 |  |  | Affects small and large bowel [11] |
Meckels diverticulum | <30 | Tech99, CT | 2% population, 95% asymptomatic |
 |  |  | <2 cm in length |
 |  |  | PR bleeding most common presenting symptom in children |
 |  |  | Other symptoms: abdominal obstruction, inflammation, intussusception, ulceration and perforation |
 |  |  | Contain all layers of bowel wall |
 |  |  | Anti-mesenteric border, within 100 cm of ileocaecal valve |
Volvulus (caecal/sigmoid) | >70 | AXR, Sigmoidoscopy | Associated bowel obstruction |
 |  |  | Redundant sigmoid colon, past history of chronic constipation |
 |  |  | Haustra visible on distended loop on AXR [12] |
Duplication cysts | <2 | CT, USS, AXR | Anywhere along GI tract, most common in ileum |
 |  |  | Can be single/multiple |
 |  |  | 50% have associated anomalies |
 |  |  | Wide range of symptoms pending location |
 |  |  | Mesenteric side, elongated in shape |
 |  |  | 90% Non-communicating with gut lumen |
 |  |  | All bowel layers [12] |
Emphysematous cystitis | >40 | AXR, CT, USS | Due to bacterial fermentation of urinary glucose |
 |  |  | Gas production in bladder lumen and wall |
 |  |  | Assoc with diabetes, neurogenic bladder, bladder outlet obstruction, recurrent urinary tract infections |
 |  |  | Symptoms include dysuria, frequency, pneumaturia |
 |  |  | Distended tympanic mass arising from pelvis |
 |  |  | Most commonly due to Escherichia coli |
Emphysematous cholecystitis [12] | >40 | AXR, CT | RUQ pain, vomiting, pyrexia +/- RUQ mass |
 |  |  | Increased risk with diabetes and gallstones |
 |  |  | Infection usually due to Clostridium perfringes |
 |  |  | More risk of gangrene and perforation than with acute cholecystitis |
Intra-abdominal abscess | - | CT | Source of intra-abdominal sepsis |
 |  |  | Swinging pyrexia |
 |  |  | Palpable mass |